Frankenstein Version by Kenneth Branagh Essay -- Frankenstein Movies F

Frankenstein Version by Kenneth BranaghIn 1931 Hollywood made a simplified version of Frankenstein andstereotyped the titan to be iniquity with bolts in his neck and a big,green square head. In the 1960s an English company called HammerHorror revitalised Frankenstein movies and Christopher Lee made themonster look more like a man. All of the Frankenstein movies beforeKenneth Branaghs version had made the monster evil. In KennethBranaghs version of the story he filmed the whole book and tried tostick closely to the original novel by Mary Shelley. Kenneth Branaghdirected and played the part of Victor Frankenstein, Robert de Niroplayed the monster and capital of Montana Bonham Carter played the part ofElizabeth, Victors orphan sister, girlfriend and wife.The story of Frankenstein starts at the end where Victor Frankensteinis on a ship telling the captain the story of his life. It past showsVictor as a child, meeting his new orphan sister Elizabeth. The storythen goes to Victor as an adult and his mother dies giving support tohis brother. This gives Victor the ide...

Youth :: Phylanthropy, Celebrities

          The people that youth look up to should send a positive content to the young. They should be concerned about the development of america and the well being of the children that have to grow up in our time of war.      Michael Jordon sends a positive core to kids such as "stay in school" and "dont do drugs". Michael donates a portion of his wealth to all sorts of charities and fund rasers. His work with youth has been improved on by doing disney movies such as "Space Jam". That particular movie didnt promote any drugs or any foul language.      Other celebrities such as Brad Pitt havent performed in any motion pictures that promote good values that children should live by. Take for example Brad pitts movie "Seven". Would you requirement your children to be watching a movie that promotes murder into some sort of masterpiece about the seven deadly sins? Or his movi e "Fight Club", would you want your children to watch a movie that promote nothing but fighting and eventual terrorist groups destroying several buildings with Nytro Glycerin?      Children are exposed to all sorts of celebrities, and you as a parent should help them along the way and find one that has set a good example to live by. Children should have a good place model like Michael Jordan who promotes charities and plays in the NBA. The idea of playing in the NBA would make any young child jump for joy at the thought of having the dislodge one day to do so.

Killer Angels Essays -- essays research papers

The myth The Killer Angles, by Michael Shaara, gives a story similar depiction of the American Civil War at the Battle of Gettysburg. In this novel we see the views of both Confederate and Union armies. The officers for both sides in this novel used to go to war with each other but are now on different sides according to their political views. In the end both armies realized the war had accomplished nothing but all the deaths of soldiers. During the novel, the armies are going to war against their opponents and not necessarily their enemies.Despite the fact that the Confederate and Union armies were only if concerned with defeating their opponent, many times they were fighting against relatives and friends. For instance, General Armistead says, "...will you tell General Hancock how ...

Penalties for Atheletes Using Performance-enhancing Drugs :: essays research papers

Imagine, full for unity minute that you were at the peak of you c atomic number 18er, in a competition that would determines whether you sink of swim. You have the choice to go out all natural, or to give yourself a little boost, so it is definite that you pass on swim. What would you do? Would you run the risk of getting caught? The athletes that stoop to this take atomic number 18 cheats. They argon afraid of losing. And as the old saying goes, cheaters never prosper. They ar putting so many things at risk in their lives. They face being suspended and completely thrown out of their sport, they put their lives at risk, no to mention giving sport a bad name.Testosterone atomic number 50 build muscle and strength, reduce fatigue and improve recovery time after exercise. To many athletes this sounds better than sliced bread. But in reality they are running a huge risk to them selves and their country. Athletes can be tempted to boost the naturally occurring levels of the st eroid hormone to enhance their performance but there are berth effects. High levels of steroids can cause jaundice, liver damage, acne, heart problems, euphoria, mood swings, depression and paranoia. The normal testosterone to epitestosterone in urine varies between individuals, but on average is one to one. The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority says the ratio does not vary significantly within an individual unless there has been a replacement of it from an unknown source. Naturally occurring ratios of 61 are rare. Any athlete who returns a urine test of 41 are said to have committed an offence unless there are biological evidence to prove separate wise. They are taking high doses of naturally occurring hormones, and other tabu substances to enhance their performance.This is cheating. Ever since we were 5 we knew that it was wrong. When ever some(prenominal) one cheated in a game, you would kick up a stink to try make it fair, because you were cheated. And no one likes a cheater. These athletes deserve more than just a wrap on the knuckles and having to give up some of their pocket money. They ran the risk, and they were caught. They deserve what they get. In our judicial system, persons found guilty of using banned substances have to pay the following consequences, (1) fines of many thousands of dollars. (2) Intensive correction orders.Penalties for Atheletes Using Performance-enhancing Drugs essays research papersImagine, just for one minute that you were at the peak of you career, in a competition that would determines whether you sink of swim. You have the choice to go out all natural, or to give yourself a little boost, so it is definite that you will swim. What would you do? Would you run the risk of getting caught? The athletes that stoop to this level are cheats. They are afraid of losing. And as the old saying goes, cheaters never prosper. They are putting so many things at risk in their lives. They face being suspended and compl etely thrown out of their sport, they put their lives at risk, no to mention giving sport a bad name.Testosterone can build muscle and strength, reduce fatigue and improve recovery time after exercise. To many athletes this sounds better than sliced bread. But in reality they are running a huge risk to them selves and their country. Athletes can be tempted to boost the naturally occurring levels of the steroid to enhance their performance but there are side effects. High levels of steroids can cause jaundice, liver damage, acne, heart problems, euphoria, mood swings, depression and paranoia. The normal testosterone to epitestosterone in urine varies between individuals, but on average is one to one. The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority says the ratio does not vary significantly within an individual unless there has been a replacement of it from an unknown source. Naturally occurring ratios of 61 are rare. Any athlete who returns a urine test of 41 are said to have committe d an offence unless there are biological evidence to prove other wise. They are taking high doses of naturally occurring hormones, and other banned substances to enhance their performance.This is cheating. Ever since we were 5 we knew that it was wrong. When ever some one cheated in a game, you would kick up a stink to try making it fair, because you were cheated. And no one likes a cheater. These athletes deserve more than just a wrap on the knuckles and having to give up some of their pocket money. They ran the risk, and they were caught. They deserve what they get. In our judicial system, persons found guilty of using banned substances have to pay the following consequences, (1) fines of many thousands of dollars. (2) Intensive correction orders.

How Can Illegal Drugs Be Prevented From Entering Prison? Essay

How Can Illegal Drugs Be Prevented From Entering Prison? The American prison system has many different interpretations. some(prenominal) people think it is a place for rehabilitation. Others may feel it is solely a punishment for making bad decisions, and there atomic number 18 those who see it as a method of revenge. Regardless of how the prison system is viewed, one element that may be a shock to everyone is the use of irregular drugs by the inmates. in that respect ar also a surprising number of unpublicized deaths among the inmate population due to drug overdoses that could have been prevented. The public deserves answers to the following questions1.How are illegal drugs infiltrating the prisons?2.How are inmates creating their own substances?3.What is being done to prevent drugs from coming in to prisons?Answering these questions will provide a bigger picture of the ongoing and growing job of substance abuse within the prison system, and the knowledge to discuss potential solutions. Although inmates are housed in prisons for crimes against society, it is law enforcements responsibility to ensure their safety and that the illegal temptations of the outside world do not breach the prison walls. How Are Illegal Drugs Infiltrating the Prisons?Prisons are designed primarily to keep people inside, and less heighten is placed on what is coming in. Regardless of the emphasis, the expectation of a facility that has full control over the population should be a drug costless environment. However, drugs and other illegal contraband find their way inside undetected.There are many ways illegal drugs are introduced into the prison population. The article (How customary Are Drugs in Prison?, 2011) refers to friends or relatives of an inmate who bring in drugs a... ...far gone that they are beyond hope? In the current turbulent demesne of the world, and the anemic economy, there is no relief in sight for our crumbling prison system. It is important to understa nd that degrading prison conditions, combined with gang drug activity, overcrowding and violance go hand in hand. The worse the conditions, the greater the violance. Bill Arrigo notes, Measures of poor conditions, such as inadequate prison management and lack of prison programs due to overcrowding, are associated with hight levels of prison violence (Arrigo, 2006, p.116) . In conclusion, it is going to take a firm commitment and a lot of money to exercise the demons out of our prison system. However, much than that, it is going to take a commitment to the inmates, and the realization that the way we treat our prisoners is a direct reflection on our society as a whole.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Eleanor Roosevelt was a honest personwho had responsibility and compassion towards herhusband , family and her fellow man, whatever their socialstatus. She utilise great citizenship and initiative actions indealing with anyone who was fortunate enough to make heracquaintance. Eleanor Roosevelt is an outspoken advocateof social justice. During the years she has taken over a potentiometerof responsibility. For someone who spent thefirst third ofher life as shy and timid, she showed great courage onceshe was thrust into the presidential spotlight. MostAmericans considered her a current American Hero.Ladies and gentlemen, members of the press, I nowannounce the presence of our first lady of the UnitedStates, Eleanor Roosevelt, is something similar to whatyou would hear when being addressed at a pressconference or important meetings. She was a wellrespected human being, achieving great duties andresponsibility in life. She was appointed by President whoremasterF. Kennedy to be on the first peace corps advisory board.She was such an active lady while her husband was inoffice that she was no extended willing to stay quietly in thebackground of her husband. She took a job as an editorand advertising manager of a monthly publication TheWomens Democratic recents where she became moreindependent towards herself and carry. Eleanor Rooseveltbecame very involved in women issues, being that she alsojoined the newly organized Womens division of the NewYork State Democratic party and moved swiftly intopositions of leadership. Not only was she responsibleamong organizations and people, she later became herhusband, Franklin D. Roosevelts eyes and ears, dedicatingher life to his purposes, being a bank and tirelessreporter. One of the reasons she did become so helpfultowards her husbands career was besides the fact that shewas the first lady, Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken witha disease called polio and ca put ond him to be permanentlycrippled in August of 1921. She t hen became even moreloyal to him and our country having to deal with peoplefrom different nations, organizations and positions. Whilethe President struggled to regain the use of his legs, EleanorRoosevelt and Louis Howe joined forces to keep hispolitical and business contacts alive. She became apowerful voice for youth employment and civil right... ...ucan remember how she showed great compassion to herwork and life. How loyal she was to the people of ournation. What great responsibilitys she consummated andwhat respect she gave and received from and to so many.Works Cited Diller, Daniel C. & Robertson, Stephen .L The Presidents, First Ladies and Vice Presidents. Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication information 1959. CollierEncyclopedia Copyright 1989 Cook, Blanche Wiesen Eleanor Roosevelt Volume One New York Vikking 1992Eleanor Roosevelt This is My Story New York Harper &Bros., 1937 On My Own New York Harper & Bros.,1949 Http//personalweb.smcvt.edu/smahady/ercover.htmlLas h, Joseph P. Eleanor and Franklin The Story of Their human relationship Based on Eleanor Roosevelts Private Papers.New York W.W. Norton, 1971 Lash, Joseph P. EleanorRoosevelt A friends Memoir. Garden City, N.Y LorenaHickok Eleanor Roosevelt Reluctan First Lady NewYork Dodd, Mead 1962WWW.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/ar32.htmlWWW.geocites.com/collegepark/depository library/4142/childhood.htmlYoungs , J. Williams T. Eleanor Roosevelt A Personal aPublic Life Boston Little, Brown, 1985

Demonstrate How To Respond Essay

thither are several different ways to respond to an individuals reactions when communicating. As communication is a two way process, it important to respond to show that I am listening and that I understand the information being given.2.4 There are many ways in which we can demonstrate how to respond to an individuals reactions when communicating. A response during communication is needed for the communication to register place. If someone is talking to you and you are not responding, it is difficult for any communication to take place. When you respond to someone, it shows that you are listening to them, which then shows that you understand what they are adage and are interpreting it correctly. However, the response doesnt need to be verbal. A simple nod can even be considered communicating, as long as both participants are cognisant of each other and understand what is being put forth. If a patient is upset and appears to be getting agitated whilst talking, a simple change of to ne can help calm the situation down, also by using gentle hand gestures it could also help dish out the situation and it also shows that you are listening to what they are saying.Another example is observing a patient when they are talking to you. You need to be aware of their body language as this can show any sign of anxiousness, agitation or stress. By looking at their facial expressions when you are intercommunicate to them to see how they react to what you are saying. Eyes contact is also another thing to look at. If a person is avoiding eye contact with you it may be because they feel uncomfortable with what they are saying of hearing from you. It is essential that you feel the patient has understood what you have say, therefore by repeating what you have said and rephrasing what you have said ensure this. Also by leaving the conversation for a while then coming back to talk astir(predicate) it again may help.

Globalization and Its Impact on Bangladesh Economy

Assignment On globalisation and its Impact on Bangladesh parsimony (ECO 360, Section 1) Assignment on Globalization and its touch on on Bangladesh Economy. Subject ECO 360 (Socio-Economics Profile of Bangladesh) Section 1 Submitted To Muhammad Mahboob Ali Adjunct Faculty, Department of Economics, East imputable west University. Submitted By Name ID Acknowledgement In the preparation and finish this assignment, we acknowledge the encouragement and assistance given by a payoff of people and institution.We would equal to express our gratitude to our faculty at East West University Mahboob Ali for providing us detailed feedback and advice on this assignment. He al bureaus gave us his suggestions in making this admit as flawless as realistic. We excessively like to thank our group members for co-operating me in m each trouble nigh tasks. And never the less above any our heartiest thanks goes to all mighty Allah without his process. We would non be here. Letter of Transm ittal Date 23th November, 2012 Muhammad Mahboob Ali Department of Economics, East West University Subject Submission of Assignment. Sir, Its our great pleasure to deal the assignment.A study was making on a frugals heavens that you pay back asked us to prep atomic number 18 and we select globoseisation dissemble on Bangladesh scrimping to study. We discombobulate tried our best to fol wretched the instruction that was given by you. Throughout this study we tried to identify whether globalisation play positive or prejudicial impact on our commonwealths thrift. As comfortably as, we also discuss the overall physical body of our countrys thrift also. We sincerely apply that you go out enjoy this report as we enjoyed while writing it. If you need any advertize clarification or quarry in interpreting this analysis, we will be glad to oblige you.Thank you. Abstract Over the past decades, globalization has now be perplex a rising world order, new world order, which ni gh influences e rattlingthing that comes in our mind. Developing countries like Bangladesh with compromising geo policy-making locations and weak economies argon now looking at globalization to strengthen their economy to match any perceived threats. But the change magnitude role played by the western dominated institutions such as, the ground cuss (WB), Inter field of study Monetary Fund (IMF), and the mankind art Organization (WTO) in drawting the rules under which globalization is played, has placed developing ountries in a much disadvantageous position vis-a-vis the develop countries. However, a closer look at the globalization will show that it has some(prenominal) positive and negative impacts on the economy of Bangladesh. A thorough apprehensiveness of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to advance her economy. This may also help Bangladesh go along a keep up maturation in the face of believably sparing peril. This paper studies both n egative and positive impacts of globalization on some selected scotch sectors of Bangladesh.It also studies some ameliorative measures to overcome the negative impacts and also the ways to exploit the opportunities created. Finally the paper recommends some measures for Bangladesh to meet the contends of economical globalization. Table of Contents No. Topic Page 1. excogitationa) Generalb) Motivation and Signifi tummyce of the look forc) Research Questions 7 8 2. Literature Reviewa) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. 9 12 3. Objective of the submit 13 4. Methodology 14 . Limitation of the Research 14 6. Analysisa) Overall Economic school of Bangladesh. b) Opportunities of Globalizationc) Challenges of Globalization 15 25 7. Recommendations 26 8. Conclusion 27 1. Introduction Globalization in the broadest sense implies desegregation of economies and societies crossways the globe thr ough and through the flow of technology, trade wind and bully. It basically refers to a process that enables people, true(p)s, information, norms, practices and institutions to transcend stateal jurisdictions through grocery stores, technologies, interests and information flows.Four types of changes characterize globalization. First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across frontiers, regions and continents. Second, it is marked by the development magnitude of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, it bear be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes. And fourth, the set up of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and specific local developments can have bulky global consequences.Thus the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs become increasingly fluid. Globalization, in short, can be thought of as the widening, intensify and growing imp act of worldwide interconnectedness. It causes an expansion in the volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and operates. Globalization is a much utilize term and in that location are diverse views as to how and why globalization is occurring this time nearly. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a globalization in economic markets, except we can see its pervasive and widespread impacts at the present time.Ein truth country in this world enters into global economy and exhausting to cope with the pace of global economy. Bangladesh is one of the developing countries in the world and its economy has already cosmos impacted by global economy. It is not possible for a threesome world country like Bangladesh to keep pace with global economy, because it is conceivable that the origins of globalization lie in the political decision by merely the developed countries of the world. Bangladesh economy experiences a recession of industrial growth.The study is foc u tilize that there is strong opportunity for Bangladesh to boost its economy, but the socio-political situation should be favorable one to enhance savings and investment in this country. The study articulates some strong recommendations that could use up Bangladesh even stronger to boost to compete globally to a greater magnitude. It is conceivable that Bangladesh needs to privatize its State- owned enterprise (SOEs) and should maintain an unassailable relation with World Bank, IMF and other donor agencies. It is a big challenge for Bangladesh to contend in global economy through considerable internal and external obstructions.The entire paper is arranged by giving a instruct current economic condition of Bangladesh followed by an introduction initially after then the next section is discussed how Bangladesh economy impacted through regional trade agreement and later the paper portrays the role of privatization in Bangladesh economy. And this paper also discusses how Globalization affects the whole economy of our country Bangladesh. Later the paper discusses some constraints of Bangladesh economy and then it illustrates some basic recommendations that could give birth this economy stronger to compete with global economy.And at last a conclusion is illustrated that reflects the overall theme of this paper. It would be very onerous to keep pace with modern globalization. on that pointfore, one of the greatest challenges faced by Bangladesh in this century is how to strengthen its participation in the global economy in a manner that will bring widespread and sustainable benefits to its people. Motivation and Significance of the Research The motivation that we have for this research is based on the fact that we are Bangladeshi who have seen and experienced the impact of globalization phenomenon on economic development.Developed countries use globalization for improving their economy in some ways. We have marked how these countries use globalization to their a dvantage. Having compared the socio-political and economic environment of Bangladesh and the countries we have researched, we are now in a position to understand the likely effects of globalization on Bangladesh economy. We would like to scoop out this opportunity to do the research based on our experience and understanding of the subject from our reading. Research Questions The primary oral sex of this term-paper is What is the overall impact of Globalization in Bangladesh economy?What should Bangladesh do to use the advantages of globalization in improving her situation? 2. Literature Review Many books and articles have discussed the various effects of globalization exhaustively. These studies include globalization as a phenomenon in general and the positive and the negative impacts of globalization in particular. Even though numerous books and articles have addressed globalization from the developing countries point of view, few even mention its impact specifically on Banglad esh. Globalization is a growing concern and it is perceived as a vast subject that can impact all aspects of the world, or a nation.People blame globalization for affecting everything from culture, to political systems, to religious institutions, and the economy all of these perceived impacts of globalization would impact Bangladesh variedly. It is important to determine how exactly it can impact Bangladesh. This paper will concentrate on finding viable options for Bangladesh to sustain the world of global economy. The paper will also focus on the measures that Bangladesh might consider in using the effects of globalization in its economic growth. The literature generally looks at globalization from three different angles.These are a) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. a) Globalization as a Phenomenon Historical Foundation The origin of the concept of globalization stretches far back to the activities of the early Mediterranean civilizations before the fifth century A. D. 1 The ancient explorers, motivated primarily by the prospects of material gain, traversed the silk route between China and Europe, the amber route from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and the spice route by sea between Egypt, the Yemen and India.During this period, up to the end of the fifteenth century, the volume of long distance trade, travel, and communications was inevitably irregular. 2 increase trading expeditions by British, Dutch, and Portuguese merchants in the seventeenth century raised the demand for colonial goods such as coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate. The requirement for more production of these goods as the demand increased prompted the beginning of slave trade from Africa to the Americas and Europe. Following these expeditions, European languages were easily transplanted to other continents and the three monotheistic religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism took root. In the ni neteenth century, the technology revolution in transport and communications including the emergence of the railway, the telegraph and the steam ship all lowered freight rates and raised incomes therefore further boosting globalization. Core Elements of Globalization Basically, globalization rests on a tripod namely, the expansion of markets economic), challenges to the state and institutions (political), and the rise of new social and political driveways (cultural). 8 economically, technological changes and government deregulating have permitted the establishment of transnational network in production, trade, and finance creating what is referred to as a borderless world. The second element affects States. Political power and activities extend across the boundaries of nation- states while policy making on humankindizes such as forgiving rights, environmental degradation and nuclear safety have required global consensus.The third element of globalization affects more than market s and states. It is altering the lives of people across the globe. Fast dissemination of media, books, music, world(prenominal) ideas and values has produced a somewhat global culture. b) Positive impacts of globalization A thorough understanding of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to improve the economy of Bangladesh. This may also help Bangladesh maintain a sustained growth in the face of likely economic peril.Though some view NGO (Non-Government Organization) as a tool of economic exploitation, it brings changes on the sustainment condition and status of the poor and rural people. Excludes are now becoming Includes. While close low-income countries depend largely on the export of primary commodities, Bangladesh has do the transformation from beingness primarily a jute- merchandise country to a garment-exporting one. This transition has been order by the countrys re reservoir endowment, characterized by extreme land scarcity and a very high popula tion density, making economic growth dependent on the export of labor-intensive manufactures.A greater integration with the global economy seems to fit well with Bangladeshs development efforts. The garment sector opens the door of sufficiency to the people who previously live in a hurdle living. The export-oriented garment industry presently employs most 2. 5 trillion workers mostly women from low-income, rural backgrounds. The second dominant export-oriented activity, shrimp farming, is also very labor intensive, presently employing nearly half a million rural poor. This economic revaluation is not only creates aptitudeed sectors but also gradually diminish unemployment problem.More generally, import liberalization is likely to have contributed to the humankind of productive employment for the poor through the strengthening of many small-scale and informal sector activities that have benefited from improved access to imported inputs. Another issue of great importance to Bang ladesh is that the free drawment of migrant workers across borders be expanded, for workers remittances play an important role in its economy. Moreover, as a result of increasing global connection and technological improvements diversification of export is possible as many new export items are added as the global demands are increasing.We can talk about ship building industry and IT based call center helper are now coming as a new dimension in our economic arena. Globalization also creates impact on our culture and social structure as we are now considering ourselves as a global citizen. The interaction with other cultures and knowledge and information about other societies create a great impact on our lifestyle and thinking. c) Negative impacts of globalization The removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangements (MFA) quotas now threatens to increase competition in the global garment industry and thus limit Bangladeshs growth.The strength of the industry depends on the export quotas dict ated by the MFA and preferential access in the major Western markets. Moreover, other export industries are unlikely to take its place if the garment industry shrinks. It is not easy for a Least Developed Country (LDC) like Bangladesh to specialize in manufactured exports. Having low wage greets can hardly wrap up for its lack of marketing skills and infrastructure and poor overall investment mood. Moreover, the high degree of dependence of domestic industries on imported raw materials and industrial inputs makes it difficult for Bangladesh.In this connection, it is likely to mention that, the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) rules were devised decades ago to help developing countries promote export-oriented industrialization. But, in effect, the rules proved discriminatory against LDCs like Bangladesh that count on low value-addition processing activities. On top of these rules, Bangladesh also has to worry about non-tariff barriers such as those relating to environmental or labor standards. Anti-dumping actions are already under way against exports from Bangladesh,Also, the role of globalization played by the western dominated institutions such as, the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The agenda of the Bangladeshs economical sector and upcoming debt formulated by these kinds of organizations are running on the process of economic exploitation of a country. For this, they are willing to give money for construct a road rather than a factory. Beside this for every debt they are selling their products in our country without any tax.Globalization is a well excepted term all over the world, but developed countries are the real beneficiaries of the concept whereas the developing countries are in a confused situation to relate the term on their economic, social, political and personal life and it cannot helps to reduce the gap between haves and have not. 3. Objective of the Study The overall impersonal of the project is to expand the theoretical discussion on the relationship between globalization, environmental change, resource use social suffering and human security in the context of a least developed country-Bangladesh.And the primary objective is to analysis how globalization effect on countrys economy. This study will investigate the role environmental change play in social conflicts and resultant social suffering assess the role of population movement as a factor of environmental degradation Critically assess the gender dimension of social change resulting from the interacting forces of globalization and environmental change. The principal objective of this study was to identify all major dimensions and issues of Globalization and attempt to explain those, to the extent possible, from industrial perspective.The specific objectives set were as follows To assess the effect and impact of the process of globalization on the life and livelih ood of industry especially in Bangladesh. To analyze the overall economic condition of Bangladesh. To find the opportunities and challenges of Globalization in the context of Bangladesh economy. 4. Methodology We used descriptive and expletory design to prepare our assignment. By design, this study was an exploratory type of study. For our primary research, we mostly used the resources of the web and the library.And some standard reference sources like Daily Newspaper Weekly Newspaper Magazine Economic Reports based on Bangladesh Economy For finding materials in the web, we used the standard search engines such as Google Yahoo AltaVista As well as reference sites and news sites, we also used some Bangladeshi search engines. 5. Limitation of the Problem All info are not available in internet. It was very short time to collect all relevant data and to prepare this assignment. Also we faced load shedding problem and our lab was over crowded that distract our mind sometimes. . Ana lysis a) Overall Economic Condition of Bangladesh Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world, but it is plausible that the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is not stagnant the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is actually moving forward. The growth average of Bangladesh is 5. 4%per year over the FY01-05 period, which has been the highest since the countrys independence (The World Bank). Bangladesh has global merchandize trade relationship ships with many countries around the world.Bangladesh has a good market in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Germany. Bangladesh also exports goods and services from around the globe. The economy of Bangladesh is a rapidly developing market-based economy. Its per capita income in 2010 was est. US$1,700 (adjusted by profaneing power parity). According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 43rd largest economy in the world in 2010 in PPP terms and 57th largest in nominal terms, among the Next Eleve n or N-11 of Goldman Sachs and D-8 economies, with a gross domestic product of US$269. billion in PPP terms and US$104. 9 billion in nominal terms. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% per annum over the past few years. More than half of the GDP is generated by the service sector while nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector. Other goods produced are textiles, jute, fish, vegetables, fruit, slash and leather goods, ceramics, ready-made goods. Garments sector is the largest exporting sector for Bangladesh. For Bangladesh, openness to trade would be a vital basis of future growth.Growth from trade designateness will depend upon simultaneous investment climate reforms that would boost competitiveness to domestic firms. In Bangladesh the government should undertake policies to attract overseas remittance into productive investment activities. Remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the centerfield East, are the major source of oppose d exchange earnings exports of garments and textiles are the other main sources of foreign exchange earnings. Ship building and cane horticulture have become a major force of growth.GDPs rapid growth due to sound financial cook and regulations has also contributed to its growth however, foreign direct investment is yet to rise significantly. Bangladesh has made major strides in its human development. The land is devoted mainly to rice and jute cultivation as well as fruits and other produce, although wheat production has increased in recent years the country is largely self-sufficient in rice production. Bangladeshs growth of its agricultural industries is due to its fertile deltaic land that depends on its six seasons and multiple harvests.Transportation, communication, water distribution, and energy infrastructure are rapidly developing. Bangladesh is limited in its reserves of oil, but recently there has been huge development in gas and coal mining. Bangladeshs economy has bee n remarkably resilient, with GDP growth averaging 5? % a year for the past 15 years. But the growth has been off a low base, so the country remains one of the poorest in Asia. Its economic base is narrow (based around garments and agriculture) and vulnerable to natural disasters. Moreover, despite a recent period of relative calm, political stability is far from assured.Bangladesh is below the regional average for per capita income, growth and creditworthiness. The air climate can be difficult but according to the World Banks Doing Business Survey no worse than the regional average. same most developing economies, Bangladesh can be a risky place to do business. But it does have attractions a large and growing population immobile GDP growth and strong demand for foreign capital to meet the countrys large infrastructure and energy needs. Chart 2 shows the different criteria of risks to exporters and investors of Bangladesh.Over the past 15 years, growth has been rapid and has slow ly accelerate. Over 2012-14, the IMF expects growth to be over 6% pa, an impressive performance in the current economic climate. However, this partly reflects strong population growth, with per-capita income growth continuing to lag the regional average. Moreover, inflation remains a problem, with prices recently being boosted by reductions to fuel subsidies and a weakening in the currency. Inflation is also very exposed to swings in food prices, which account for 60% of consumption. ) Opportunities of Globalization Bangladesh has a low human capital stock and is relatively closed to the global economy even by standard of the other low-income countries. Therefore, Bangladesh has not yet fully become part of the global economy. This is as truer in trade as in technology achievements. Globalize offers the potential to free Bangladesh and other developing countries from the restrictions imposed by a relatively small domestic market, low saving and limited access to world technology an d credit. 1. Opportunity to break the felonious circleIt offers an opportunity to break the vicious circle of savings and investments, a long-standing important challenge for all developing countries. Better education, training, technology, equipment and infrastructure in general raise living standard. Due to globalization, foreign investment in our country will increase. If we can properly utilize it then employment will increased which will raise the income of people of Bangladesh. So, if there is a high rate of income then savings of people will increased which will enable us to break the vicious circle. 2. Alternative source of domestic investment financeGlobalization offers an alternative source of domestic investment finance. Such financing is channeled through direct investment and frequently come with attached benefits, such as technology transfer, training, marketing networks and managerial and technical expertise. Foreign investment is especially attractive when it brings its own physical capital and the subject matter to enhance human capital of domestic citizens. 3. Increasing the living standards of poor people and employment opportunities Globalization is increasing the living standards of poor people in Bangladesh.Industries from foreign investments create employment opportunities for a large number of people including young women who, for the first time, can visibly enter the male dominated public space. Foreign and export oriented industries are changing the economic and social scenario of Bangladesh which, results in an increase of living standards. 4. Motivating the people and increasing the modernity of our ball club Increasing globalization is motivating the Bangladeshi people and increasing the modernity in our society. A person can forces by inspiration refers what effect his direction, intensity, and tenaciousness of voluntary behavior.Foreign investments create high paying line of businesss, which require more knowledge and skill, therefore motivating people to work for a higher education. Bangladeshi students are performing better than before. Advertisements for foreign products also motivate people. Globalization allows foreign companies to advertise their products in our country. When people watch advertisements for expensive foreign products, they want to buy them even if they dont have the ability. 5. The transfer of technology Bangladesh has largely benefited from the transfer of technology.One nation cannot produce everything, because it has limited resources. Globalization gave us the opportunity to use modern technology. We got first telecommunication technology, which was not possible without foreign investment. 6. Modern telecommunication technology Modern telecommunication technology connected us to the rest of the world. Bangladesh are acquiring technological advantages like computers and the Internet, transportation and online banking with evaluation in the modern world. We are earning foreign currency and creating many new jobs by exporting computer software.Globalization has made a big social and economic change in Bangladesh. 7. Increased competitiveness and raise export potentials Product market competition induced by government policy of economic liberalization can bring about increased competitiveness and raise export potentials. The competition can be intensify by reductions in transport and communication costs of conducting international trade, by removal of external tariff barriers, and by more vigorous application of pro-competitive policies in those domestic industries not exposed to international competition. Competition is healthy for the economy in the long run.It not only influences the relative bargaining power of firms and workers but it is also a force for renewal and change. 8. Actions of Employers to reap the opportunities of Globalization Volatility in the labor market has prompted employers in Bangladesh to become more organized and to move towards greater unity. There is a tendency among the employers to shift certain risks and responsibilities away from the enterprise or society to the workers. Employers have tended to introduce new labor-saving technologies to reduce cost of production and to avoid the risk of labor unrest.Unlike in the public sector, employers in the private sector have resorted to growing casualization of workers resulting in the deprivation of workers of provident fund, gratuity, common working days and hours, group insurance, leave encashment, leave with pay and pension benefits and, above all, job security 9. Actions of Trade Unions to reap the opportunities of Globalization Economic integration and increasing competition erode the bargaining power of trade weddings. However, the increasing mobility of goods and capital allows such obstacles to be readily circumvented, thereby prompting the trade union movement to adopt a global approach.Globalization has also created opportunities for trade unions by offering organized labour the alternative of collaborating with employers to enhance productivity, adaptability and product or service quality, in exchange for job security and higher contend. 10. Benefit from return migrants Because of globalization also Bangladesh can benefit from return migrants. Migrants make-up a kitten of potential investors and managers who have benefited from foreign training, not merely from academic or vocational training but in the wider sense of learning on the job and assimilating more of the global business culture .Migrants are likely to return for changing lifestyle for example they wish to return home to set up a business (however small) or to take advantage of early retirement. Due to globalization these migrants are interested to invest in Bangladesh 11. Foreign behave Investment FDI in RMG industry should be welcomed and pursued to ensure higher investment in this sector. FDI would also help in transferring technology and ensure big market access by providing direct linkages with the retailers. 12. Some other Opportunities of Globalization Globalization has also created some new scope and opportunity for the development.Following may be considered as opportunities a) Bangladesh is being integrated with global economy and business. b) Expanded private sector employment opportunity with poor labor rights.. c) Increasing competitiveness and efficiency. d) offshoot of new sectors of production and employment according to the global need, such as ternary, footwear, pharmaceuticals, RMG, etc. e) Labor export to external market increased. f) As more countries are participating in trade, finance and production, Bangladesh is being integrated globally to a greater extent than before. g) Increased economic interdependence compared to other developing nations. ) Bangladesh is being linked to both developed and developing countries more closely through economic institutions, international agreements or treaties. i) Increase in foreign capital, information and technology flows. j) Bangladesh is facing competition from increased internationalization of foreign enterprises, mergers and alliances. k) Bangladesh is experiencing customer-driven (rather than product-driven) global and local markets, though at the same time segmented markets. l) Competitiveness of Bangladesh is increasingly being based not on low wages or natural resources but on knowledge/innovation, skills and productivity. ) Potential to boost productivity and living standards across the globe, because a globally integrated economy can lead to a better division of labor between countries, allowing low-wage countries like Bangladesh to specialize in labor-intensive tasks while high-wage countries use workers in more productive ways thus allowing global firms to exploit bigger economies of scale. So we think Globalization will help Bangladesh a lot to increase its overall economic condition and others sectors that need to be strong to build up a decent economy. c) Challenges of Globalization at bottom a country, there is the challenge of forgoing liberalization policies that promote greater integration of the domestic economy into the global economy. There are pressures from trade unions, manor hall groups and local businesses over the effect of these policies on jobs and the closure of local industries. These can make it politically and socially difficult to implement reforms that could benefit a country in the medium to long term. The responsibility for achieving the right balance and pace of adjustment lie with individual Governments, but in practice this is not truthful as it appears.Bangladesh pursued a number a number of stabilization and structural reform programs between 1987 and 1993, and made considerable progress in achieving macroeconomic stability. The various challenges of globalization that Bangladesh faces are as follows- 1. Challenges for national economy During the period of rapid integration with the g lobal economy, the incidence of poverty appeared to have increased and so have inequalities in the country. Economic reforms in the country produced disappointing results in the absence of a system to induce entrepreneurs to invest in industries.Lack of institutions to make the economy efficient and reduce transaction costs was also a reason behind the countrys poor performance. Inequalities increased in the country during the period of rapid globalization. unlikeness in income distribution increased quite substantively both in rural and urban Bangladesh. 2. Challenges for our culture and social life Globalization makes worldwide boundaries melt down away and enlarging contest in the market place. For globalization we are facing a huge impact on our culture and social life in the modern world. For example, McDonalds introduced American fast food to other parts of the world.The American fast food of McDonalds, Pizza Hut, etc. are introducing to our country, which is a challenge fo r our Bengali fast food. Also the Indian culture becomes a major challenge for our own Bengali culture now-a-days. 3. Challenges for business As in the case of industries, globalization impinges heavily on the business in Bangladesh with destabilizing forces debilitating balance of trade and balance of payments. Bangladeshi products are increasingly losing competitiveness in the global market due to growing cost of business exacting high prices.The cost of business is increasing primarily due to port problems, bureaucratic tangles in usance department and no improvement in lead-time. In contrast, an increasing number of countries are offering low-cost products. 4. Challenges of Globalization on Industry In Bangladesh many industrial units in jute, cotton, RMG, and paper and several other sectors are closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one crucial factor. These industrial units have difficulties to compete both domestically and internationally.Even in the do mestic market, it is difficult for them to keep up the competitive advantages compared to imported goods. Notably, in all these sectors there is considerable inflow of FDI and presence of MNCs (multinational companies) and there is no SOE. 5. Challenges faced by ICT and Bio-technology Such challenges faced by Bangladesh for the ICT and Bio-technology and their Impact on Employment and Intellectual Property Rights are a) Makes some of the traditional farming role of people redundant leading to unemployment particularly among older and rural people. ) Its not a desires and traditions of our communities to imported bio-technologies always. c) Needs to make easy to codify and move some of the un-codified knowledge of local citizens to the worldwide market. However if uncompensated, the move deprives people the economic gains and royalty they should be entitled to. 6. Challenges for strength Sector Government has opened up foreign investment in power generation as independent power prod ucer (IPP), and has also privatized transmitting and distribution to the private sector (DESA, DESCO). Significant private foreign capital invested in the sector.As a result Bangladesh Power Development Board gradually has been losing its control over the power sector. Companies appointed employees under new terms and conditions. Job security of the employees also was ensured by the agreement 7. Challenges for Telecommunication Telecommunication service was only under Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB). This sector has been opened up for private investment. Different private telephone companies, TV channels, marine and rural telecommunication, radiocommunication trucking service and revering telecommunication have already been opened up for private sector.These private phone companies or TV channels are capturing a large number of customers. As a result govt. owned companies losing their customers. Government has been making different efforts to privatize this sector like PDB under company management. There is strong opposition from employees against privatization of BTTB. 8. Challenges for Labor Market In Bangladesh many industrial units jute, cotton, paper and RMG, and several other sectors were closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one of crucial factor.It is estimated that near about 7 thousand big and medium size industries closed down as an impact of globalization. In Bangladesh near about 2 million people lost their employment due to closure of industries. Most of the privatization and closure of industries resulted in huge retrenchment. Fall in the aggregate demand for labor has accelerated declination of wage. Real wage declined due inflation and currency market deregulation. Also there is a decreased in number of working people under permanent contracts of employment.Non-traditional forms of employment including part time, casual and contract labor, home-work and migratory work increased. Casualization of worker s in the private sector resulted in deprivation of provident fund, gratuity, normal working days and hours, group insurance, leave, pension and above all job security. Numerical functional flexibility in labor market increased, increased of out sourcing of work, and increased irregular payment. In the name of competition workers are forced to work overtime. Minimum wages of the workers in the private sector are not protected. 9. Challenges for EmploymentChallenges for employment are as follows- a) Trade liberalization and privatization created social insecurity and aggravating, unemployment, underemployment. b) Social security of the workers decreased. c) cut down job security, workers are terminated without benefits. d) Working environment degraded, especially in the private and informal sector. e) Labor laws are not implemented in most of the privately owned industries. 10. Mutual dependence Globalization has increased mutual dependence between macroeconomic stability and good in stitutions and organizations, and made stability vulnerable to volatility in financial markets.Financial and currency crises around the world have occurred with an acceleration pace and with relatively more devastating impacts since the globalization process accelerated from 1989. 11. Some other Challenges Bangladesh has to face some challenges to fight as well as cope with globalization. Challenges are as follows a) Build up strong subway against privation. b) Reopening of closed industries. c) Unite trade union movement to achieve greater collective bargaining power. d) Capacitate trade union with new bargaining approach. ) To fight against the fast changing rules of the game of rapid transformation workers need to develop knowledge based skill in manufacturing through continuous updating of skill to face the challenges of globalization. f) Build up global assignd goal and action. Enhance global unionism to face the global challenges. g) Initiatives to influence International Fi nancial world to ensure workers rights. h) Build up pact between trade union and global consumers. Make global consumers responsible to ensure labor rights at national level. i) Organize informal sector as well non-unionized workers to strengthen trade union movement. ) Globalization not only stirred workers but also affected different sections of the people, so it is important to organize voice from all sections. k) Workers alone would not be able to fight globalization. Influence political parties to incorporate the agenda. Globalization has both positive as well as negative impacts on its players. In an increasingly open, integrated and borderless world there have been remarkable growths in trade and exchanges. It was basically possible because of the democratization of technology, finance and communications. On the other hand globalization also generates number of problems. 7.Recommendations The impact of globalization on the economy of Bangladesh is mixed with marginal positi ve outcome overshadowed by vast negative results. Globalization provides many opportunities for development for Bangladesh and its people, including the potential to improve wages and living standards. It has challenged many economic strategies of the past as the way towards development. It provides an impetus and incentive to develop human resources and to improve productivity as key factors of competitiveness and improved living standards. Globalization has made Bangladesh conscious of the need to improve productivity.Even unions in Bangladesh have come to acknowledge the importance of productivity enhancement to the standards of living of their own members. Trade liberalization and privatization has created social insecurity in terms of loss of jobs and aggravating unemployment and underemployment in the country pointing to the need for social protection to contain insecurity of the workers. articulatio of the common workers, collective awareness and participatory management of trade unions at various levels are the three main processes for the improvement of trade union governance.The vivacious practice of centralized governance of trade unions has largely contributed to the major failures in the labor processes in Bangladesh. Competitive labor market is expected to link wages with productivity. In the case of SOEs, real wage growth outpacing productivity growth is a factor raising unit labor costs and reducing international competitiveness calling for adjustment of real wages in line with productivity growth. The state thus has a critical role to play both in handling such shocks and in helping people and firms seize the opportunities of the global market place.Globalization also sharpens the need for international co-operation in at least five areas, such as a) Managing Regional Crisis, b) Promoting global economic stability, c) Protecting the Environment, d) Fostering Basic Research and the dissemination of know-how and e) Making International Deve lopment financial aid more effective. Some Recommendations are given below Government level reforms Bangladesh Government has taken initiatives or resources for telecommunications and transports which are not along to meet the nations growing requirements.Bangladesh government should continuously improve system capabilities to enhance the private sector participation. Monetary Policy The central bank must maintain a close look on the growth of the monetary base or domestic credit creation. Attract free flow of FDI Foreign come in Investment is inevitable for any developing economy. Bangladesh should create proper field to attract more FDI in industrial sector. Productive investment Bangladesh needs substantial quality investment in the industrial sector and investment in those activities where we can produce more efficiently.The economic growth rate in Bangladesh is not necessarily constrained by insufficient savings rather it is due to poor level of investment and lack of effici ent use of capita Integration into World Markets In Bangladesh, firms can be internationally integrated by means of ownership or by selling their products in foreign markets. In the readymade garments and leather/footwear industries, most of the firms are majority exporters, i. e. , they sell more than 50% of their output in export markets. In contrast, in the pharmaceuticals industries there are no majority exporters (Fernandes2006).Limited foreign capital assimilation Every year Bangladesh seeks foreign capital for undertaking various projects. But foreign capital can be a substitute for domestic savings only to limited extent. Foreign aid, commercial borrowing and portfolio investment can limit the expansion of savings by expanding consumption. The government should immediately constitute a national committee on aid for trade to work on getting a better share of the aid-cake as well as adopt a foreign aid policy statement in consistent with the new PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strateg y Paper) to make donors clear about the priority areas of aid. . Conclusion Globalization has a very far-reaching effect on almost every sphere of life. In the question of economic development and growth it is even more being in this era of globalization. Developing country like Bangladesh must take the advantages of globalization and attempt to improve her economy. However, we found from each piece was that the impact of globalization was more negative on Bangladesh than it was positive.Globalization has not only kept Bangladesh from advancing ahead in economic development, but it has changed the traditions and ways of life for the indigenous people for the worse. As a poor country, Bangladesh needs to be more concerned about the appropriate implementation of Globalization. As we find thru our research, Bangladeshs potentials to economic globalization is highly promising. We believe that the recommendation made in this paper if implemented well will take Bangladesh to a point of s ustained economic growth and development.

Comparative Models of Counselling

A report that reflects on Person Centred Therapy and considers how this flummox could be incorporated alongside the vegetable marrow model of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in my current Counselling Practice. I reflected on Person-centred Therapy ( percent) as the comparative model because of the remainder that exists between this and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). The conflict is historical, political and from personal experience. In therapy twenty years ago I became frustrated with my counsellors person-centred approach. I challenged my counsellor to provide me with more support and help.I therefore had preconceived likings of portion which may be similar to stereotypical thinking of these models. It was excessively warm, completely non-directive and tho reflected back to the client, which I nominate frustrating. I understand at present it was because my coping style was externalised and I had no control over external events, which suited a more direct counselling appr oach. So, how would this influence my practice as a counsellor? In theoretical terms and in observed practice I appreciated the benefits of portion for its empathetic understanding and for clients who require a non-directive approach to gain emotional aw atomic number 18ness.Presenting issues that can be helped by PTS are bereavement, drug and alcoholic drink issues, depression, panic and anxiety, eating difficulties, egotism-harm, childhood sexual abuse (Tolan and Wilkins, 2012). I have used the model affectively for bereavement and sexual abuse as an offer of a direction would have been inappropriate and incongruent at the time. My preconceptions of CBT were solution focused, challenging and that low intensity based interventions ignore the clients past. I notion competent in using certain behavioural intervention in my practice and challenge maladaptive thinking patterns in sessions.CBT is a medical model and although we have been taught the disadvantages to diagnoses, CBT i s seen as the treatment of choice for many presenting problems due to the amount of empirical evidence available. These are anxiety disorders, panic, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, bulimia and depression as identified by NICE (NICE, 2008, Accessed online 27/06/201). This report reflects on the appropriate use of the models. Stereotypes have some agent of truth, but at the same time, are not the truths. I wanted to understand the similarities and parallels while respecting the fact that, in practise, I use both(prenominal) models.I didnt want to do a sec of each badly, but use a model in full at the appropriate time and understand my reasonableness for doing so (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). Both per centum and CBT are deeply rooted in the same philosophical underpinning of humanism, existentialism, and both are phenomenology particularly to the nature of suffering. However, there are differences in the understanding and meter reading of the philosophy. Both appro aches view a person as continually seeking evolution and self-actualisation. There are incompatible whimsys between the models. (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).PCT observes that seeking growth and self-actualisation is a way of being and in itself redress. Rogers professed that there were six necessary conditions for sanative growth that alone were sufficient to lead to a fully functioning person. The exclusive is the own expert who can determine their own journey of their reality and can heal themselves with the core, being the relationship itself. The structure of the self includes self-concept and introjected beliefs. PCT communicates acceptance of the clients own experience and encourages then to identify alternate choices.It is a continual journey of self- ken and knowledge, with the drive always towards growth (Mearns & Thorne, 2012). CBT views growth and self-actualisation as a shared goal of therapy to be reached with a set of tools, to be implemented in therapy. CBTs view comes from Ellis who defines a person as ir logical and rational. In CBT terms dysfunctional beliefs are similar to introjected beliefs and led to distortion in the self-concept. The irrational causes distress and rational directs the individual to fully functioning. CBT primary belief is self distortion and the affect of cognitive dissonance.Interventions such as the ABCDE framework are used to challenge and conflict irrational thinking and are aimed at increasing clients self-awareness and self-understanding. CBT sees the relationship as more collaborative and facilitates new learning. An individuals name of reality is dimensional and irrationality stops the client from changing. Therefore, a persons drive is not always towards growth (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). A similarity of both approaches is the understanding of self-worth and unconditional self-acceptance. The nature of suffering is seen the same. Humans are flawed, imperfect and we cause our own disturbance.Both see t he client as the expert in the relationship. legitimacy is of great importance to both PCT and CBT as is the curative relationship. It is the emphasis on the process of reposition, to become oneself, where the differences in two models lie (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). From a PCT perspective a client discovers some hidden aspect of them self that they werent aware of previously and moves towards a greater degree of acceptance of self by being prized by the therapist (unconditional positive regard), have a sense of realness (genuineness) and listen to them self (empathy).A client moves towards seeing new meaning. These changes are characteristic of therapeutic movement. The client moves along a continuum from rigid structure to flow which can be seen in the seven stages of therapeutic change. Rogers term was organismal experiencing which was interpersonal in the therapeutic relationship through unconditional positive regard and intrapersonal within the client accepting a new experie nce into their awareness (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). In PCT, the process of change there are different corrective experiences for a client.For me practising with a client group from a womens refuge I use PCT and Rogers condition-of-worth. The incongruence between the self-concept and authentic self is evident due to the abuse. This creation of a false self is corrected with unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuineness. demonstrate Theory is where, change in the experience of feelings and the recognition that the client is the creator of their own construct occurs. The therapeutic change has a developmental sequence.There is a change in the clients manner of experiencing feelings and recognition of being the creator of their own constructs, accepting responsibility and in relating to others straight-from-the-shoulderly and freely. This is compatible with the condition of worth. A person moves with acceptance to a fully functioning person. The persons overall way of being is changed. Relating to a congruent therapist, the client learns to be open and congruent themselves (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012). Unblocking or Focusing is where the self-correcting, self-healing process of the organism is blocked.The person cant refer inwardly, focus on feelings or articulate meaning. They have a rigid self-concept. Empathic listening within the therapeutic relationship opens the issue to re-examination and unblocks the person self-healing process. There is an interaction between the feeling and the attention the client brings to relieve oneself a new meaning. This is Gendlins felt sense, an unexpected feeling of flow. The client becomes an active self-healer who has been felt heard and understood (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).In practice building Meaning tie new understanding which identifying introjects imposed by others who imposed external systems of value has been paramount because of the external pressure that have be imposed through a close relationship. Inte rnal opposing voices can be accepted, examined and resolved through compromise and collaborative solution. Until now, I saw this as CBT but can now see this as PCT with Rogerss necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic change all that is needed for the process of change and this change occurs without engaging in cognitive process, but in the moment (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).I am able to draw personal parallels from watching Rogers session with Gloria. Gloria wanted an answer from Rogers. In the session she found it for herself, even though she actively interpreted that he had helped her to the decision even though he hadnt. She makes the decision of honesty for herself. Although non-directive, Rogerss session had a focused, this was of self-healing and self-direction. Refuting the belief that the person-centred way is only to reflect back to the client. The warmth from the counsellor is also part of the process of condition of worth.This helps me challenge my preconceived ideas and understand what is happening in practice. In practise, I am aware from a CBT perspective the therapeutic approach can teach clients new skills. The therapist is regarded as more of a coach. The client benefits from new skills and perspectives which facilitate the learning and have a sense of efficacy. I have used CBT to look at specific problem behaviours and believe them as having cognitive, affective, behavioural and physiological elements each of which can have a legitimate target for intervention and can be check for validity (Castonguay, & Hill, 2012).The process of change occurs in practice as old ways are challenged through exposure exercise, behavioural experiments and cognitive restructuring techniques. Change occurs in the therapeutic oscilloscope or outside in a person everyday life. It may require repetition to produce a lasting effect and reduce maladapted patterns. This is where CBT and PCT are similar as this requires a strong therapeutic alliance, but CBT literature takes this as a given and may be a reason it is criticised. Clients are taught emotional regulation and basic functioning skills, such as problem-solving skills, breathing relaxation and active coping.Specific interventions are then used to motivate and nourish the therapeutic relationship, such as cost benefit analysis, daily thought records, and in vivo exposure. Aligning clients goals with interventions in a formulation develops the therapeutic alliance and collaborates with the client, with hypothesis-testing strategies used to undergo the process of change Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). CBT is focused on corrective experiences and facilitates through interventions rather than challenging a client.It respects the importance of the therapeutic relationship and uses Rogers core conditions but does not see the conditions as sufficient. In-depth schema focused CBT takes the therapy to a deeper level and deals with past issues, than the low intensity offered by the NHS. a gain my preconceptions are challenged for the benefit of my practice. I can see how the two models are not rivals, as Roger Casemore and Jeremy Tudway suggest in their book Person-centred Therapy and CBT, and that sibling as a metaphor works well (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012).For me, the therapeutic relationship and the advanced empathy required in PCT are important in my practise along with the core conditions in order to create change. Rogers believes interventions as wrong, from a philosophical point of view, as the client always having to lead the therapy. This is because Rogers sees a person as having absolute potential. For me, CBT in offering intervention and gentle coaching helps a client on their journey to self-healing and a seed can be planted and therapeutic change can happen outside the counselling session.I support the views not all humans have the same drive and there is an unconscious element to being rational or irrational. It is a more real idea and not as optimist ic as Rogers. It is observation of this therapeutic change and this idea that supports the use of CBT in my practise (Casemore, and Tudway, 2012). The BACP ethical framework has been written with Rogers core conditions in mind. Therefore, PCT offers the client and the therapist the need to fulfil the principles of self-care, of being trusted and providing autonomy.As to the personal moral qualities the PCT requires the therapist to have advanced empathy. CBT has been criticised for focusing too much on the intervention and not being of beneficence. In CBT especial(a) competence in the implementation of the intervention is required, so the criticism of the technique becoming the therapy cannot be applied . In writing this report and in my practise, I feel the difference are enough not to combine the models, but that each model can go into the same toolkit and used separately in the same session with a client.With the collaborative element in mind and further reading I am interested in the approach by Mick Cooper and John McLeod. The pluralistic perspective which believes individual clients would benefit from different therapeutic methods used at different points in time. therapist would work collaboratively with clients. Help them identify what they want from therapy and how this can be achieved. It leaves the question of the process of therapy integration in practice open for debate. (Cooper, and McLeod, 2010, Assessed Online26/06/13).

The Separation of Religion from School

Probably no single movement so greatly affected colonial America than the protestant reformation. Most of the eurpeans who came to America were protestants, but in that location were many denominations. Lutherans from Germany settled in the heart collonies along with Puritans and Presbyterians. The reormation placed great emphasis on the written word. Sectarian aims were needed to promte the growth of each spiritual sect. Luthers doctrines made it incumbent for boys and girls to learn to read the scriptures.While the coachs that the colonies established in the 17th century in New England, southern and middle colonies differed from one another, reflecting a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Where public school systems existed in European countries such as france and gemany, they were dual systems. When a child of the lower and middle class finished his uncomplicated scho oling he could go on to a vocational school.The upper class child was tutored for nine years and then went to a secondary latin school. The purpose of the latin school was to prepare for a university, from which he could emerge as a potential leader for his country. With the American education system there was chance to climb the complaisant ladder. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading,writing, math and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing stimulated by whipping. The first textbook the New England Primer was Americas own contribution to education.Used from 1609 until the base of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. the child learning the letter A for example also learned that In Adams fall, We sinned all. As in Europe schools were strongly influenced by religion. This was also true of schools in the New England area settled by Puritans. Like the Protestants of the Reformation who established vernacular elementary school s in germany in the 16th century the Puritans sought to make education universal.They took the first steps toward government supported education in the colonies. The Old Deluder dickens Act passed in 1647 by puritans in Massachusetts requirded every child be taught to read. Puritan or not all of the colonial schools had clear skip moral purposes. Skills and knowledge were considered important to the degree that they served spiritual ends and trained the mind. Early schools supplied the students with moral lessons not just reading writing and math. Obviously the founders saw it necessary to apply these techniques so that students learned particular values.The Industrial revolution began in europe and spread to America a few decades later. One effect of the commute from an agricultural to industrial economy was the demand for schools to train students for the workforce. Vocational and industrial education better supplied students with the knowledge to enter a career rather than re ligious studies. The vocational value of shop work was considered part of general education. The need for skilled workers and the demand for high school education for those not bound for college caused manual of arms training to gain speed.Educaton was coalled upon to meet the needs of employers. Practical content was in competition with religious concerns. Vocational education was more significant in the middle colonies beacuse the land wasnt very fertile. people had to look for work other than farming. The academy that Franklin founded in 1751 brought education closer to the needs of everyday life. Subjects were more practical comprehend how business and industry was driving the economy. Religious classes could not pay the bills or make a living.

Learning-centered Organization

In todays schooling-centered business environment, focus is gradu all toldy shifted from individual performance and competition to a more congenial relationship, towards cosmos cooperative and build excellent performance through and through team effort and coordination. These seemingly gathering-oriented characteristics of the new business environment have become the thrust of MITs Organizational Learning Center, which specializes on the creation and development of organizations to becoming learning organizations.This program proposes a radical change using a simple approach by shifting the members perspectives from being individualistic to being collectivist. This proposal is simple in that a learning organization should adapt the values of coordination and cooperation-generally, collectivism-in order to induce this radical change in perspective.In Senge and Kofmans article, Communities of Commitment, they explicated the roots of the creation of and necessary requirements for a learning organization. In it, they also introduced the analytical model called the Galilean Model, which effectively explains and illustrates the core principles that every learning organization should be and have.This paper posits that the pursuit for a learning- centered organization, i. e. building communities through organization-based commitments, require a deviation from the norm of todays business organizations, which are originally individualistic and competitive, to being collectivist and cooperative for the success, mainly, not of the individual, but of the organization or community. One of the important findings from Senge and Kofmans analysis was the use of the systems perspective in explaining the vastness of collectivism, cooperation, and principles of the Galilean model.As explicated by the authors, the systems perspective allows organizations and its members to move from the primacy of pieces to the primacy of the whole, from absolute truths to coherent interpreta tions, from self to community, from problem solving to creating. This passage adequately described the differences between an individualist and collectivist character of organizations. In individualistic organizations, central in it is the individual, wherein the high-performing individual is determined through competition among other individuals/members.It is also centered in conducting decision-making work outes through a more general manner, rather than taking into consideration a problem and solutions effects not only in the operations of the organization, but the members themselves. Since the individualist character of organization has prevailed for a long time since the introduction of modernism, this is a tradition that cannot be easily changed and replaced, especially with a contradicting character such as collectivism.This is a challenge particularly difficult among highly-individualistic societies, wherein individuals have high self-reliance and independence. Thus, the a uthors invoke a truth that must be accepted by distributively member of the organization, in order to recognize the importance of learning and cooperation to learn, we need to acknowledge that there is something we dont know and to perform activities that were not good at. But in most corporations, ignorance is a sign of weakness temporary incompetence is a character flaw.Thus, through learning, members learn to accept the reality that ignorance and temporary incompetence impart always be present it is the role of the learning organization to remedy this problem through the learning-centered management, or by adapting the systems perspective. Systems perspective is reflected in the Galilean model, which subsisted to the next principles and characterized as follows (1) the primacy of the whole (2) the community nature of the self and (3) language as generative practice.In the first characteristic of the learning organization, giving primacy to the role of all members of the organi zation, brought out the importance of members working together to achieve a goal or objective. It is through working as a team or group that decision-making processes become more efficient and effective, since the problem is regarded by not only the perception and opinion of an individual, but other individuals as well, who may have a different way of looking at the problem and creating a solution to it.The second characteristic of the learning organization, according to the Galilean model, is that there should be a cultivation of an us rather than me attitude. That is, the individual should learn that a assess, in order to be accomplished with the highest quality and time efficiency, cannot be accomplished by him/her alone there must also be one or more individuals making sure that the task is completed with quality and efficiency.It is through this process of coordination that work is performed efficiently, and individuals learn about their capacities and limitations as members/e mployees of the organization. Lastly, communication and interaction among members is an imperative endeavor that must be pursued in a learning organization. care communication lines open allows members to determine how tasks are accomplished, and should problems arise, they will be able to identify immediately at what point the problem occurred in the process of completing the task or activity at hand.

Q. Marvell’s poem “To His Coy Mistress” Essay

To His Coy Mistress is primarily the author, Andrew Marvell, trying to commute and seduce his coy harlot, into having hint relations with him. The poem has three stanzas each with a different purpose the first-class honours degree stanza gently and subtly flatters his mistress, using positive diction and images to show, how Marvell wishes he could bash her for all of eternity the flake stanza, however, uses imagery to show how time is moving fast and also, strongly negative diction and images to show how aliveness must be lived happily, for there is no chance to after death the last stanza, the conclusion of the poem, uses quite sexual images to tell his mistress, that because time is limited, they should make the most of it, and enjoy lifes intimate pleasures together. Imagery and diction aim been used effectively throughout the poem, to achieve the authors purpose, of seducing this lady. The author also conveys a newspaper publisher throughout the poem life is short, you r time on earth is limited, and therefore we must make the most of lifes pleasures while we still can.In the first stanza, imagery and diction, flatters this lady, Andrew Marvell wishes to seduce, and depicts his great and ever-growing love for her.Marvell begins by describing how ideally he would have world enough and time to love this lady. They would sit down, and think which government agency to walk and pass their long loves day. Imagery shows them taking their love very behind. This image is created by diction with relaxed and slow connotations, such as sit down, and walk. The diction within that line, also creates alliteration, which musical mode to walk, and also, long loves day this alliteration, and the long vowel sounds in way, walk, and long, creates a slow and steady rhythm, and a relaxed snappishness and tone to the stanza, which allows the author to convey to his mistress that he wishes they could take their love slowly and steadily.Later on in the stanza, he uses diction to create images, to flatter his mistress. Thou by the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find I by the tide of the Humber would complain. The imagery shows how he sees his mistress as exotic, by comparing her to the Indian Ganges, which at that time, was an faraway and exotic place while, comparing himself with theHumber, he views himself as ordinary, compared to her. The effect is that it fulfils the authors purpose for it, which was to flatter this lady. The diction also helps him achieve this, shouldst rubies find rubies are precious and beautiful, and by using this diction, he again flatters her, by describing how beautiful and precious she is to him.In the first stanza the author has used diction and imagery effectively to create a relaxed and easy mood and tone, to show how the author wishes he can just slowly and eternally love this woman a state which she deserves. He also achieves his purpose of gracefully complementing this lady on her beauty, in more ways than physically.In the next stanza, Marvell uses diction and imagery to show how there is nothing to be enjoyed in the eternity of death, and how death is a lonely place, therefore another persons love must be experienced during life. He tells us that at his acantha he always hears Times wingd chariot hurrying near. Winged this diction gives us an impression that the chariot is quick, and therefore the imagery, created by the prosopopoeia of Time, shows that time travels quickly life is short. Yonder before us lie deserts of vast eternity. I believe the deserts of vast eternity metaphorically symbolises death. Deserts suggests lifeless, desolate while vast eternity uses long vowels sounds in vast, combined with the e sound being repeated and carried on at the end, in eternity.The combined effect of the diction an image, showing the boring, lifelessness of death. This is summed up at the end of the stanza the graves a all right and private place, but none, I think, do there embrace lov e and its pleasures may only be experience during life. He also tries to convince his mistress, that keeping her virginity, is a silly thing to do. Marvell refers to long preserved virginity as a quaint honour the choice of diction, by using quaint, shows the authors negative tone towards keeping your virginity it is too old-fashioned, odd, and somewhat of a joke. The diction and imagery in this paragraph show us that life must be enjoyed, for such pleasures do not exist after death.In the last paragraph, Marvell, uses sexual, perfervid diction and imageryto show that to enjoy life to the fullest, they must have intimate relations together. Now therefore, while the youthful hue sit on the skin like morning dew, and while thy willing soul transpires at every pore with instant fires the simile creates an image, showing us that this lady is physically young, and the metaphor shows us that she is either blushing, or seems to be very excited, or both. Marvell uses this imagery to subtly tell this young woman, that it is obvious, she wants the same as him.Now let us sport us while we may, and now like amatory birds of prey the diction, amorous, has very passionate connotations, even more so than love, and the simile, like birds of prey, suggests a physical side of love, and creates an image of a fearless bird, diving as soon as it sees a chance for kill therefore the image shows us, that while we are able to, we must make the most of the physical and passionate pleasures of life, without too much concern, and also most importantly, as soon as we may. The tone and mood, created by the diction and images, in the paragraph is very positive, and passionate, and its purpose is to convince his mistress that what he is suggesting, is the right thing to do, and to do so without any worries, and as soon as possible. We must enjoy the pleasures of life, while we may, for that is impossible after death.Andrew Marvell effectively uses diction and imagery throughout this poem, to convince and seduce a young lady, into having physical relations with him. He uses diction and imagery in the first paragraph, showing how, greatly he loves her, and how willing he is to only love in a non-physical way, till the last age had they all of eternity. However, in the second paragraph, negative diction and images, show us that time is limited, and the pleasures of life, cannot be found in after death therefore we must enjoy them while we live. The ternary and final paragraph, is the conclusion to Marvells argument he uses passion filled images and diction, to show that they should therefore engage in a physical and intimate relationship, for this mayhap the only opportunity they ever get. A theme conveyed is that we must enjoy all of lifes pleasures, for we only get one chance to live.

Ecosystem Services In Human Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecosystem service in human-environment systems What is the job? Ecosystems present goods and function of trem blockadeous nurture to the human society ( Pearce and Moran, 1994 Costanza et al. , 1997 Daily, 1997 ) . However, intensive toss off and H2O usage, extraction of natural resources, and chemical emanations into the environment petabit to a world-wide debasement of biodiversity and of the supporting services, purveying services, modulating services and cultural services which ecosystems provide ( Hooper et al. , 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b ) . On a planetary graduated table the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005b ) found that 60 % of planetary ecosystem services ( ES ) surveyed atomic number 18 presently being degraded or used unsustainably. Future scenarios are assuring no relieve. Merely the projected doubling of nutrient ingestion for the following 50 old ages ( Tilman et al. , 2002 ) , in conspiracy with the turning admit for biofuels and other biophysical merchandises will dispute decision- birthrs covering with ecosystem direction worldwide. They need to optimise ecosystems with ascertain to multiple demands. Climate alteration has even intensified the kineticss of this human-environment fundamental interaction ( McCarthy et al. , 2001 ) .Ecosystem services are delimitate as maps of ecosystems with value for human wellbeing. Thus the construct of ecosystem services, establishes a relationship between ecosystem service providers ( the manufacturers ) and demanders for ecosystem services ( the donees ) . Those supply-demand interaction can be distinguished on three degrees I ) upstream downstream dealingss, two ) northern south dealingss and three ) hapless rich dealingss.I ) Because of topographical complexness and altitudinal gradients mountain ecosystems are peculiarly sensitive to planetary alteration compared to the lowland ( Becker et al. , 2007 Bugmann et al. , 2007 ) . Socio-economic exposure to loss of ec osystem services tends besides to be higher because of by and large more hard socio-economic conditions in mountains. But besides the Lowlandss are influenced by unsought alterations in mountain countries, because of their importance for biodiversity and for supplying ecosystem services. Downstream histrions benefit from the supply of upstream ecosystems with impress to clean H2O, inundation insure, reduced deposit, scenic beauty and many more positive cragged ecosystem services.two ) Similarly, force per unit area on ecosystem services is high in the south because of uninterrupted land usage alteration, land debasement and impacts of clime alteration. Until now, much(prenominal)(prenominal) amendss to ecosystems services are non sufficiently taken into tarradiddle in the environmental determinations along the planetary value ironss associating consumer, retail merchant, processor, and manufacturer in the North and the South. comely trade is a first measure into this way, plai nly planetary trade fundamentally masks the restraints of regional ecosystems. To change magnitude the ecological transparence and foster sustainable ecosystem direction, the involved public and private histrions need to develop, better and enforce instruments for ecological appraisal and direction of planetary value ironss damaging regional ecosystem services. Recently thoughts have been substantial for international payments for ecosystem services and international biodiversity off-sets ( hold in for a reappraisal in German or Gallic linguistic communication Koellner and Engel, 2008b Koellner and Engel, 2008a ) .three ) In both instances mentioned before the relationship between upstream-downstream and north-south are potentially tantamount to a poor-rich relationship. Particularly in developing states with weak environmental jurisprudence law and enforcement, the activities of the chief(a) sector ( agribusiness, forestry, piscaries and aquaculture, but besides oil, gas and excavation ) lead to deforestation, cause terrible amendss to biodiversity and eventually characterise the capacity of ecosystems to present packages of services at the landscape graduated table to the local people. This is particularly obnoxious, if biotic resources are produced unsustainably in hapless states in the South and exported to rich states in the North with rigorous environmental ordinance, but merely for the ain district. I am non stating that planetary trade per Se is bad for the environment, but advanced solutions are needed if the hapless are affected, because they can non buffer losingss of ecosystem services with purchased human-made services. To replace losing statute law pro-poor payments for ecosystem services were discussed in the past ( Landell-Mills and Porras, 2002 Duraiappah, 2006 Ravnborg et al. , 2007 Bulte et al. , 2008 Proctor et al. , 2008 Tallis et al. , 2008 ) .To successfully pull off such supply-demand dealingss for ecosystem services under force per unit area of planetary alteration requires a coaction of scientific discipline and physique. New schemes for local, regional and planetary direction of ecosystems are necessary, which are based on ecosystem services quantification design of finance, policy and administration systems and the execution of those in assorted biophysical and societal contexts ( Daily and Matson, 2008 ) .Within this world-wide model the three chief aims of my habilitation thesis on EcosystemServicess in Human-Environment Systems are Part A ) to pattern land usage and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems and their services Part B ) to analyse the decision-making that drives supply and demand for ecosystem services, and Part C ) to research the ecosystem impact of the fiscal sector national and international paymentsfor ecosystem services ( animal foot ) and their linkages to the fiscal sector.In this debut I reflect foremost the recent treatment about the commentary of ecosystem servic es. Then I develop a general model to form research on ecosystem services. Finally, for each of the three aims I provide a short reappraisal of bing research and depict my part to make full the spread.What are ecosystem services? Much confusion about their definition.Daily ( 1997 ) and the lending writers from natural and societal scientific disciplines introduced the term and construct of ecosystem services in order to emphasize the dependence of human-well being on nature. This milepost work defines ecosystem services on page 3 as follows Ecosystem services are the conditions and procedures through with(predicate) which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up sustain and carry through human life. They maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as seafood, eatage, lumber, biomass fuels, natural fibre, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial merchandises, and their precursors. ( Daily, 1997, page 3 ) . In this definition ecosystem goods and biodi versity are an end product of natural maps in sensu de Groot ( 1992 ) .Interestingly, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA ( 2005b ) skips the differentiation between touchable ecosystem goods. It defines ecosystem services loosely as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . It does distinguish supportive services ( like food pass and dirt formation ) , purveying services ( like nutrient, fresh H2O and fibres ) , modulating services ( like eroding control or H2O purification ) , and cultural services ( like proviso of chances for diversion and religious or historical intents ) . That means what is a good under the definition of Daily is in the MA defined as an ecosystem services. Precisely around this issue, there is presently a scientific argument ongoing ( see Boyd, 2007 Boyd and Banzhaf, 2007 Wallace, 2007 Costanza, 2008 Fisher and Turner, 2008 Wallace, 2008 ) .

Are Formal and Semi Formal Financial Institution Partnerships a Viable Option for Serving the Underserved in India

atomic number 18 formal and fishing tackle formal monetary institution partnerships a viable option for serving the underserved in India Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar 10/6/2010 Indu Paramita Mahapatra and Malay Harsh The essay tries to identify the potential problems with monetary empyrean and does a gap epitome that leads to potential opportunities in the sector.It besides falls a look at the challenges faced by the different fiscal institutions, the goals achieved, the targets to be achieved and how the partnership between the different formal and semi formal institutions open fire create a synergy for serving the underserved of the country. Introduction The reach and approach pathibility of funds determine the growth and development of whatsoever enterprise. Then how could the development of a nation be some(prenominal) different from it?It must be duly noted that majority of the countrys populace is break through of the purview of the financial func tion which means much than half of our nation lacks access to savings and recognition facilities among other financial securities and services such as coronation options and policy policies. Where we the urban literati state ourselves to be heavily hassled by the innumerable calls and emails trying to sell us a loan or investment options, these very same options atomic number 18 visibly amiss in the large artless pockets, places where they might be actually be take.The fact is, there is a gap between the financial services needed and what is available. Problem With financial services in India Current scenario Indias Economy Growth rate has been near 8. 5% 9% (last 5 years). Our growth primarily has been in the industry & services sector which has grown by ab come out of the closet 16. 8 percent. Even though agriculture is the principal means of support for over 58. 4% ofIndias population, the growth in this sector is limited to around 2. 8%.Of the many factors that prope rty to poor growth in agriculture, a major reason is lack of access to proper finance. express access to savings, loans, remittance amp insurance in farming(prenominal)/ unorganized sector atomic number 18 major constraints to agricultural and SME growth. pecuniary access enlarges livelihood opportunity amp empowers the poor. And empowerment in turn aid socio-political stability. Financial inclusion pop the questions formal identity, access to payments remains amp deposit insurance.Types of Financial Exclusion (i) exclusion from payment system not having access to bank accounts (ii) exclusion from formal credit markets leading to plan of attack informal/ exploitative markets The marginal farmers, the landless labour, the self employed, the unorganized sector, urban slum dwellers, migrants, ethnic minorities, socially excluded stems, senior citizens and women atomic number 18 often not covered under the financial services. The North Eastern constituent and the eastern amp central regions be most excluded. Financial Inclusion and RBIs procedureFor the past few years one of the important new objectives of the deem patois ofIndiahas been financial inclusion. Financial inclusionis the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to vast sections of disadvantaged and scurvy income mathematical groups. Unrestrained access to public goods and services is the sine qua non of an open and efficient society. It is argued that as banking services are in the nature of public good, it is essential that availability of banking and payment services to the entire population without secretion is the prime objective of public policy.The movement towards financial inclusion rose to a crescendo in the current year, partly beca physical exertion of the Platinum Jubilee Celebration of RBI and partly because the demand for financial inclusion has give out a national and a governmental imperative. According to Annual Policy Statement of RBI, 2004-05 banks sho uld be oblige to provide banking services to all segments of population on equitable basis. In 2005 RBI advised banks to provide basic bank no frills accounts with low or minimum balance/ charges so as to overstate anking outreach to larger sections of society. KYC principles were simplified to open accounts for customers in rural amp urban areas for people intending to open accounts with yearbook deposits of less than Rs. 50,000. General purpose Credit Card (GCC) facility was available up to Rs. 25000 at rural amp urban branches . Revolving credit was encouraged and withdrawal up to limit sanctioned was based on household cash flows . No security or collateral was needed for the same. Interest place were deregulated.In January 2006 banks were allowed to use services of NGOs, SHGs, micro finance institutions, civil society organizations as business facilitators/ correspondents (BC) for hold uping banking services. BCs were allowed to do cash in-cash out operations at BC locat ions amp branchless banking. Pilots were set up to provide credit talk over and financial education. In June 2007, RBI launched multilingual website in 13 Indian languages providing information on banking services.For the financial inclusion drive, in identified districts, survey was conducted based on electoral rolls, public distribution system etc to identify households with no bank accounts. Banks were required to open at least one account per house. plenitude media was deployed for awareness/ publicity. Bank staff/ NGOs/ volunteers in additionk ration cards/ Electoral ID/ photos for fulfilling KYC norms amp possibleness accounts. The different financial institutions and their rolesThe government institutions fuelling the growth in the financial sector for the purpose of extending the banking services to the underserved in India are regional Rural Banks, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, LAMPs, Commercial Credit Co-operative Societies, State Cooperative banks and Commerc ial banks. save then the entire system of lending must be self sustaining. Most of the above agencies are loss making units and need to be supported by the government with seed funds. The wide availability of such units extends the outreach of governments financial benefits to the large rural population.The commercial banks try and keep themselves distant from extending their financial services of credit, savings etc to the villages owe largely to the heavy cost of operation and servicing in the deep pockets and would earlier cough up the penalty imposed on them by the Reserve bank of India for not concourse credit targets set for Priority sector lending. The cost of reaching the customer unto itself is too full(prenominal) and added to that is the utmost cost of transaction and servicing of small ticket loans and to top it all there is a high default rate on such loans issued.On the contrary the Non banking financial service companies operate on a much lean structure. The mode ls on which the financial service extension is operating these days is constantly evolving into more and more innovative structures. Un give care the banks, the MFIs may furnish loans without collaterals or security deposits as they have economic consumption a social obligation on the loan applicant to repay the loans on magazine. As the loans are issued only through SHGs or JLGs, the liability of each loan rests entirely on the shoulders of the entire group and not just the individual.Thus the ticket size of the loans increase in size and cost of servicing the loans in addition gets appropriated. The NBFCs and MFI overly sell out their loans to the Commercial banks who finance them thus ensuring that the commercial banks also end up meeting their target of priority sector loans that too at a profitable scale. The role compete by the NGOs is also worth mentioning when we talk to the highest degree the financial services in the rural pockets. thither has been a rise in the numbe r of SHGs owing to the capacity building and awareness activities taken up by the NGOs.The SHGs are informal bodies formed by the coming together of a homogenous group of people (preferably women) such groups actively promote mandatory savings among their members. From the funds collected loans are issued at nominal rates to its group members while loans can be sought for livelihood purposes largely, loans may also be sought for consumption needs. The SHGs are also trained for developing enterprises and businesses to fuel their growths. The other digressive benefits of womens SHGs are the increase of social status and say a woman has in the communityPartnership of banks with organisations like A Little World and FINO has been a groundbreaking innovation where the above organisations in partnership with the banks extend no frills bank accounts to the rural areas and their people. The benefit is two pronged. It must be noted that the cost per transaction incurred per transaction on a bank teller amounts to roughly $1. 07 USD, while the cost of transaction per ambiance transaction costs the bank around $0. 27 USD. The costs are prohibitively high for a commercial bank to operate on lower ticket size transactions and hence cant enter the rural market presently.The partnership models that FINO and ALW have adopted ensure that the underserved get access to the banking services by means of innovative rural ATMs that are all but turn held devices operated by either a village person or their own employee. The costs of such operations are low due to the absence of infrastructure needs. The above organisations take a cut from the account opening fee and a certain fee for operations costs. Goals achieved by the financial drive No frills accounts 6 million new no frills accounts were added between March 2006 amp 2007.About 45000 rural amp semi-urban branches of Regional rural banks (RRBs) amp Public Sector Banks (PSBs) showed highest performance after the drive. SHG-Ba nk linkage Access to banking system was provided through SHGs (groups pooling savings amp providing loans to members). National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) extended support in group formation, linking with banks, and promoting best practices. As a result, the recovery was excellent 2. 6 million SHGs were linked to banks touching 40 million households. SHGs were given loans by banks against group guarantees (Joint liabilities).With smaller loan sizes and reasonable rates of interest, SHGs were encouraged to take loans for consumption and to set up smaller business initiatives. IT Solutions IT solutions were essential for doorstep banking. Pilot projects were started by SBI use smart cards for opening a/c with bio-metric identification. The smart cards were linked to mobile/ hand held connectivity devices to ensure transactions were recorded in banks books on real time basis. State governments started making bounty amp other payments under NREGS through sma rt cards. Other financial services (low cost remittances, insurance) were also provided through cards.IT solutions enabled large transactions like processing, credit scoring, credit record amp follow up etc. Role of Government Some state governments played a proactive role by issuing identity cards for a/c opening, through awareness campaigns by district/ stop consonant level officials. Financial literacy drives were conducted and India Post was roped in as BCs. FMs Budget Speech 2007-08 allocated a budget of $125 mn each to 2 funds (i) Financial Inclusion Fund for developmental/promotional work (ii) Financial Inclusion Technology Fund for technology adoption/innovation Challenges FacedWith the rates of interest being high the customer is sometimes still apprehensive in approaching for credit, as the poor do not have collateral to offer and are hence not always eligible to loans from govt. banks. The stronghold of the money lenders too is very strong as the loan servicing time of a money lender is very low and can be furnished at any hour of the day. Imposition of rate restrictions by the government may also render MFI businesses inefficient owing to high operations cost and defaults, the govt. Promotes defaulting each time there is a loan waiver issued by it.Such actions promote defaulting nature amongst the farmers. There is a disinterest of the rural population in taking insurance policies as there is no understanding of the same in the large rural pockets. The seasonality of the crops and harvest too impose a challenge to the lending and repayments to the financial institutions. Way forward Theres a need to link the impact of the financial institution to the 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The impact analysis can be done by evaluating how far the financial institutions have been effective in contributing, directly and indirectly, to all the eight MDGs.Microfinance contributes to improving income and reducing hunger (MDG 1), providing children scho ol education and training (MDG 2), and paying for wellness services (MDG 4 6). The main beneficiaries of microfinance services are women, so financial institutions contribution to womens empowerment and sex equality (MDG 3) can be studied. As for the environment (MDG 7), financial institutions are increasingly combining environmental programs with their financial services, although the contribution may be indirect.For MDG 8, since Target 12 calls for the development of open, rule-based, non-discriminatory financial systems, the expansion of financial programs themselves is the achievement of MDG 8. Hence the future of financial outreach lies on the synergy of formal and semiformal institutions to bring about a positive change. References 1. http//timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. cms 2. India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php 3. http//www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=INR 4.Financial Inclusion Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 5. http//banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf 6. http//www. nabard. org/ 7. Finance Ministers Budget Speech, http//www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm 8. Montgomery, H. 2005. Meeting the Double Bottom Line The impingement of Khushhali Banks 9. Microfinance Program in Pakistan. Tokyo ADBI. 2 . http//timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. ms 3 . India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php 4 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=INR 5 . Financial Inclusion Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 6 . http//banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf 7 . Financial Inclusion Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 8 . http//www. nabard. org/ 9 . Finance Ministers Bu dget Speech, http//www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm 10 . Montgomery, H.