Characteristics and Properties of Titanium dioxide

Characteristics and Properties of Titanium dioxide MANOJNA EDARA TITANIUM DIOXIDE   Ã‚   History: Titanium dioxide Characterization: Bright unmistakable ideology and the scope of titanium dioxide nanoparticles are as follows. The UV-Visible maintenance scope of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was sifted in the region of 200 and 700nm. The ingestion of this is most extraordinary occurs at 340nm and this is the thing that it exhibits a band opening estimation of 3.6 eV.DRS ultra violet-Visible spectrum. The DRS-UV-Visible supernatural examination of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was done in the region of in the middle of 200 and 700nm.The plot of absorbance verses wave length is can be watched. The range portrays increase in absorbance just underneath 400nm and the reason is of band hole excitation. By taking 350nm as the onset of absorbance the band gap regard was figured to be 3.5eV. The band gap regard is dependable with that of Ultra Violet Visible ingestion scope of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Sharp absorbance lines underneath 250nm are the reason due to this titanium dioxide nanoparticles and of size gener ously very littler than those fascinating around 350nm. This is the image of amorphous titanium dioxide. Structure and synthesis: For a physical approach, the metallic nanoparticles can be generally fused by evaporation condensation, which could be finished by using a tube warmer at barometrical weight. In any case, by virtue of using a tube warmer at air weight there are a couple burdens, for instance, a gigantic space of tube radiator, unfathomable use imperativeness for raising the regular temperature around the source material and an impressive measure of time for fulfilling warm robustness. In this way, unique techniques for mix of Ag nanoparticles in perspective of the physical approach have been delivered and in the combination of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Titanium tetra isopropoxide   was utilized as an antecedent and was blended with hcl, ethanol and deionized water mixture, stirred for 60 minutes, which   pH scope of 1.5.Amount of around 10ml of deionized water was added to the above blend and it was mixed for almost 2 hours at room temperature and at last the arrangement was dried at temper ature and the powder was warmed at 120 degree for 60 minutes and the crystalline character of titanium dioxide was checked by electron diffraction. The electron diffraction configuration exhibits that the cases are made out of an a crystalline shape. Because of the example tio2: Ag diffuse rings in diffraction illustration are evident The diffraction case of the crystalline example tio2:Ag0 certifies its anatase outline .Results procured by electron diffraction relate with the Xray diffraction comes to fruition and the x beam diffraction of the shapeless and crystalline titanium dioxide doped with silver (tio2:Ag0 and TiO2a:Ag0) a. All appearance in the diffraction cases of titanium dioxide were recognized as they are having a place with anatase and in the case of the vague titanium dioxide, no reflections are viewed. In any case, practically identical as in, there are no obvious apexes exhibiting the closeness of silver in the xray diffraction of the silver doped titania tests. It probably comes to fruition due to minimal size of silver nanoparticles which are under 5nm and its low substance which is underneath 2 percent and conversely with Chao et al. titanium dioxide powder calcined starting at now at 400 °C is especially cemented. The mass touchy X-beam diffraction examples were made to brought with Philips XPer diffractometer at a room temperature utilizing monochromatic excitation and the estimations were taken under pillar increasing speed conditions and even though the surface delicate X-beam photoelectron spectroscopy estimations were performed under ultra-high vacuum condition and in a frame work that shows a base weight. Keeping in mind the final result to concentrate the synthetic condition of titanium and oxygen in the nanoparticles we utilized a standard non-monochromatized X-beam source and a VG Clam 4 electron spectrometer. The spectra were redressed for X-beam satellites and optional electron foundation preceding examination. Filtering elect ron microscopy pictures of similar examples were recorded with a LED magnifying lens utilizing an electron bar vitality of 15 keV and a shaft current of 2.62 A. This is the x- ray diffraction pattern of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Properties: The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles decide both their destiny in the earth and their valuable and destructive impacts. Despite the fact that the span of the nanoparticles can be the most recognizing property when contrasted with ordinary particles, other special physical and compound properties start to rise as particles approach the nanoscale extend. Therefore, Auffan propose that under a basic size, it is unrealistic to just scale the properties of mass materials in view of the surface range to anticipate the properties of nanoparticles. Different researchers concur that albeit some material properties, similar to substance creation and gem structure, are the same on the nanoscale as in the mass stage, different properties vary †¦ a nanoparticle holds properties of both materials in the mass stage and sub-atomic forerunners. Undoubtedly a few reviews bolster these affirmations and in any case, different analysts have found that inspite of the way that the physicoch emical properties contrast, the impacts of nano silver can be like those delivered by traditional ionic silver. These varying discoveries drove the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel to infer that comparison of physicochemical properties of the nano mass materials are required. Exactly which physiochemical properties of designed nanoparticles, including nano Ag, can be helpful for foreseeing their conduct and collaborations in nature is indistinct. A few associations and autonomous scientists have distributed proposals on the physicochemical portrayal information that ought to go with research discoveries on transport, change, and destiny forms and biological and human poisonous quality. These suggestions depend on a combination of distributed, companion surveyed ponders on the conduct and impacts of nanoparticles, however the prescribed properties fluctuate by association and scientist. A portion of the suggestions with respect to portraya l some time recently, amid, and after danger studies are further depicted in Section 6.1.1. All in all, the most endorsed physicochemical properties include:   Ã‚   †¢ Size, including bunching inclinations. †¢ Morphology, including shape and precious stone structure. †¢ Surface range; †¢ Chemical piece; †¢ Surface science and reactivity; †¢ Solubility; and †¢ Conductive, attractive, and optical properties. Advantages: The ability to rot a broad assortment of possible characteristic toxic substances and NOx gasses consolidated with an especially adaptable era handle that engages the control over titanium dioxide nanoparticle pearl structure, atom size and crystallinity which gives   the variable courses of action as tailorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ made materials for a given issue or application our customers may experience thus far our titanium dioxide photograph impetuses have been adequately striven for the going with applications: these are for various improvement materials like strong, strong tiles, stoneware tiles, housetop tiles, as an additional substance or as a thin layer. The last improvement materials show a high photocatalytic affect, which enables normal toxin departure and NOx gas removal for various responses for the remediation of polluted air made by warm power stations and significant movement for remediation of mechanical waste water defiled by specific common fragments seeks hydrophilic and photo catalytically dynamic thin layers on various substrates like glass easy-to-clean surfaces. Titanium dioxide in arrangement or suspension can be utilized to sever protein that contains the amino corrosive proline at the site where proline is available. Because of the critical ionic and electronic conduction of Titanium dioxide, it is intense to be utilized as the blended conductor. Disadvantages: This can experience a substance response in sunlight and research uncovered that titanium dioxide got from rutile which is a reddish brown colored mineral which had titanium dioxide and was less hurtful than titanium dioxide got from anatase which is used as pigments in paints, the same as covered titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is to a great degree viable in reflecting light, making it a breathtaking white color. This is normally extremely helpful on the off chance that you need to make a splendid white toothpaste. Having reflecting properties its great light make it viable as a sun filter. The blend of daylight, water and titanium in nano-frame makes hydroxyl radicals and these assault the covering of the rooftop. This outcomes in quickly maturing rooftops which ought to keep going for a considerable length of time. Uses: The capacity to break down an extensive variety of conceivable natural poisons and NOx gasses combined with an exceedingly adaptable creation which   prepares that empowers the control over Titanium dioxide nanoparticle precious stone structure, molecule size and crystallinity that gives the variable arrangements as tailorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ made materials for a given issue or application our clients may experience. Titanium dioxide photo catalysts have been effectively tried for the accompanying applications: For different development materials such as solid tiles, earthenware tiles, rooftop tiles in the type of an added substance or as a thin layer. The last development materials display like a high photocatalytic impact, which empowers natural poison expulsion and NOx gas evacuation for different answers for the remediation of dirtied air created by warm power stations and   unexpected overwhelming movement . for treatment of modern waste water which was   contaminated by particular natural segments for hydrophilic and photo catalytically dynamic thin layers on different substrates which were easy to clean like glass. This figure(a) shows the photo catalysts for air remediation by adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles in roof or concrete tiles. Environmental impacts: It was affirmed that the assessed titanium dioxide nanoparticles, utilized at a focus up to 25% as an UV channel in sunscreens, can be viewed as safe for people after application on a solid, in place or sunburnt skin. Marking of the restorative items may not demonstrate this focus on the bundle, but the security appraisal depends on the current logical information, which demonstrates that neither titanium dioxide in Nano frame nor in non-nano shape enters through the skin. While titanium dioxide itself is a valuable, non-poisonous compound, titanium waste is to a great degree acidic and its transfer techniques which lead to a lot of various ecological issues. For example in a case, Most beach front generation plants utilizing the sulfate procedure dump a lot of sulfuric corrosive into the North Sea. Although the soluble ocean water cushions and kills the weaken acidic waste, dumping sulfuric corrosive causes a sudden drop in the pH estimation of the getting water and decreases the ox ygen substance of the water, consequently this process leads in destroying of marine life. References: Ireland, J.C. et. al. Inactivation of Escheria coli  by Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Oxidation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Ireland, J.C†¦ et. al. Inactivation of Escheria coli by Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Oxidation. . Li SQ, Zhu RR, Zhu H..,, Xue M, Sun XY, et al†¦. Nanotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to erythrocyte in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46:3626-3631. Buzea C,†¦. Pacheco II, Robbie K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases. 2007;2:17-71 Zhao J, Bowman L, Zhang X, Vallyathan V, Young SH, et al†¦.. Titanium dioxide (TiO2). J Toxicol Environ Health A. Panigrahi S, Basak D. Core-she,,.,ll [emailprotected] ZnO nanorods for efficient ultraviolet photodetection. Nanoscale Yoo K-C, Yoon C-H, Kwon D, Hyun K-H, Woo,.,., SJ, et al. Titanium dioxide. Liao D, Badour C, Liao B.,.,. Preparation of nanosized TiO2/ZnO composite catalyst and J photochem photobiol A Chem www.nanopartikel.info/en/nanoinfo/materials/titanium-dioxide/overview copublications.greenfacts.org/en/titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles/ Zhao.. C, Deng H, Li Y, Liu Z. Photodegradation of oxytetracycline in aqueous by 5A and 13X loaded with TiO2 under UV irradiation. ..,J Hazard Mater. Moon J, Yun CY, ..Chung K-W, Kang M-S, Yi J. Photocatalytic activation of TiO2 under visible light using Acid Red 44†¦ Catalysis Today. Zhang J, Wages M, Cox SB, Maul JD, Li Y, et al. Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials.

Banyan Tree Brand Expansion Essay

1. Identify the primary issues in the case. When expanding the brand globally, the existing methods and new methods need to ensure that brand image and core value must not be diluted by too generic target market or vague market position. When expanding the brand into different countries and regions, the competition within a specific location and competition between different locations are impossible to neglect. 2. What value propositions does Banyan Tree offer as an experiential brand? By leveraging the natural surroundings unique to each location and adding consistency in the designs, facilities (including spas), ambience (including romance), and services (including warm hospitality) offered, Banyan Tree created strong brand identity and a unique value proposition that was associated with self-indulgence and pampering experience. 3. Evaluate Banyan Tree’s expansion plan. What are the potential risks that Banyan Tree should be aware of and how can it mitigate such risks? Banyan Tree’s expansion plan is fast and ambitious. It ensures the brand exist globally in most popular destinations. The positive aspect of the geographic expansion is that it helps to reduce low-revenue period caused by seasonality. It also allows the company to take advantage of cross-marketing opportunities. Besides the expansion plan of new resorts, existing resorts expansion also helps to increase the revenue, and it requires less capital expenditure and cash flow. To offset the investment layouts, plans were in place to commerce selling resort residential properties in Lijiang, China and Bangkok, Thailand. But there were risks involving in it. These include various uncontrollable circumstances other than natural and man-made crises. To mitigate such risks, management agreements are good approaches that can reduce the risks of loss and responsibilities of development and maintenance. Based on current resources, is it realistic and achievable? It is realistic and achievable, but requires time to complete it. Since at present Banyan Tree hotel or resort generally have interest on ownership dependent on a list of variables including familiarity, profitability and partner. It takes time to lease the ownership and to only focus on the management, and it also needs consideration on the benefits and drawbacks comparing with the ownership management. 4. Please take a look at the financial statements and make recommendations for its growth strategy.  According to Banyan Tree’s revenue by geographic region, it shows that there is a large potential market in North-East Asia. At present, the company has done successful business especially in South-East Asia. One of the reasons would be the geographic and cultural similarity. However, the North-East Asia is farther, and the political and economic reasons may also affect the business. What is more, the culture there is slightly different from the one in South-east Asia. However, the North-East Asia market is so big and potentially profitable. First reason is that people are getting richer and more purchasing power in this area, such as people in China. Second, there are abundant beautiful natural scenic destinations where are good locations for building new resorts. Third, at present the service standard in Singapore is still higher than the average level in this area. Therefore, Banyan Tree’s next step should invest on the resorts and hotels in this area, or establish management agreement in order to get into this market quicker with lower capital risks. 5. Explain Banyan Tree’s facilities design style. Banyan Tree’s facilities design style offers a more traditional, luxurious environment with a classic design. This especially is reflected in Banyan Tree Spas.

The Impact of genetic fingerprinting and gene profiling in Forensic Science

Gene profiling and genetic fingerprinting was unheard of in Forensic Science 20 years ago. DNA testing was initially introduced in the 1980s and the first court case, which saw a man put behind bars due to the forensic evidence was in 1985. Following the success of the use of physical proof, numerous cases around the world from paternity tests to identification of American soldiers from the Vietnam War have been solved. A person's DNA (de-oxyribonucleic acid) can be found from a single strand of hair, skin under a murder victim's nails or bodily fluids such as sweat, saliva, semen and blood. The chances of a sample of DNA being the same as another person, other than monozygotic twins is 1 in 24 million. This is why recent cases such as that of Sarah Payne rely so much on DNA samples found at the crime scene. In this case a single strand of Sarah's hair was found on Roy Whitting's sweatshirt and matching fibres from his sweatshirt were found on her shoe, although there was slight controversy as to whether the evidence was contaminated. The method for extracting the DNA from a sample is a complex one. The technique was first developed in this country in 1985, the year of the first proven case. Firstly the DNA must be extracted from the sample of body tissue or fluid. This could be a very small amount in a criminal investigation where the offender could've taken every precaution to avoid being caught. A process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) then multiplies the sample and produces millions of identical strands of DNA. PCR is completed by a â€Å"repetitious, cyclic programme of heating and cooling the substance together with a heat resistant DNA polymerase and two specific DNA primers. The polymerase and primers reproduce a small region of a genome, the whole of the DNA of the organism.† – quoted from DNA in Forensic Science by J. Robertson, A.M. Ross and L.A. Burgoyne. Forensic scientists use PCR to produce plenty of DNA to carry out all the necessary experiments to obtain a conclusive result. The DNA is then broken up, using enzymes, into standard fragments. The enzymes used cut the DNA at precise sequences of A C G and T in the DNA. A few fragments are then chosen and separated by size on a gel. The gel is then exposed to radioactive samples of the DNA. This produces different sized bands and the bands that have the same sequence of DNA are prominent. Generally the DNA evidence found at the scene is tested and the suspect may have a blood test or a saliva sample from the inside of the cheek, which will also be tested. The two samples will be tested and compared several times. If the two samples have 5 bands or more that match the result is considered as decisive. In 1992, after many years of arguments for and against the gene profiling, the National Research Agency accepted the method as a reliable one to help identify criminal suspects and shortly after the procedure entered the mainstream court system. Genetic fingerprinting is now so common it's difficult to avoid in everyday society. The accuracy of gene profiling is very good. The chance of two people sharing one band of DNA is approximately 1 in 30. This may not seem like there is much chance of identifying a person, as there is a fairly high possibility of it being a number of people. However, the National Research Agency has a policy stating that at least 5 bands have to match for the test to be considered as positive. This means that the probability goes from 1 in 30 to 1 in 30 x 30 x 30 x 30 x 30, which is equal to 1 in 24 million providing the two samples aren't from blood relatives. This is why genetic fingerprinting is considered as firm proof in a court of justice. Overall, the chance of getting a DNA test wrong is slim, providing the tests are carried out properly. However, just because someone's DNA is found at a crime scene doesn't prove that the suspect is guilty. There are many other areas of law that need to be investigated before a verdict can be decided. Some offences that are committed rely almost solely on forensic evidence such as that of rape. If semen is discovered and recognized as that of the suspect then that is nearly a conclusive result. The suspect may claim that the other party consented to sexual intercourse, but would find it difficult to deny that intercourse took place. Nevertheless, forensic evidence does have its problems. Firstly the tests have to be carried out in fully sterile conditions to ensure that the DNA isn't distorted in any way. It is crucial that the sample before PCR takes place is not contaminated as PCR will produce several thousands of exact clones and all the forthcoming tests could be inaccurate. Also, over time mutation of a sample takes place, gradually decreasing the likelihood of identifying a suspect perfectly. There have been experiments carried out to test how quickly mutation takes place. Scientists have found that, with blood and semen stains kept at room temperature for more than four years, it was almost impossible to identify any reliable DNA information due to mutation. In some cases, such as rape, the evidence can disappear within a matter of hours. When testing for semen in a rape case, the DNA should be found within 20 hours of the crime. Following the first 20 hours, the probability of obtaining an accurate identification decreases hour by hour. Conclusion With the slim chance of 2 people's DNA making a full match, gene profiling is a definite way of proving whether a person was at a crime scene or not. Whether they actually committed the crime is a different matter. Providing all tests are carried out well and the DNA is extracted properly and without contamination then the results should be extremely accurate. On the whole, gene profiling has taken forensic science that stage further and it has developed to being a crucial part in identifying criminals all over the world. There remain ethical difficulties which have yet to be resolved, for example, the establishment of a DNA database, human rights and civil liberties, the use of DNA information in unrelated legal cases, etc, but these issues will be addressed in due course.

Alcohol Proof Definition and Examples

Grain alcohol or spirits may be labeled using proof rather than percent alcohol. Heres what proof means and an explanation of why its used and how its determined. Alcohol  Proof Definition Alcohol proof is twice the  volume  percentage of  ethyl alcohol  (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage. The term originated in the United Kingdom and was defined as 7/4 the alcohol by volume (ABV). However, the UK now uses ABV as the standard to express alcohol concentration, rather than the original definition of proof. In the United States, the modern definition of alcohol proof is twice the percentage of ABV. Alcohol Proof Example:  An alcoholic beverage that is 40%  ethyl alcohol  by volume is referred to as being 80 proof. 100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43% alcohol by volume. Pure alcohol or absolute alcohol is 200 proof. However, because alcohol and water form an azeotropic mixture, this purity level cannot be obtained using simple distillation. Determining ABV Since ABV is the basis for calculated alcohol proof, its useful to know how alcohol by volume is determined. There are two methods: measuring alcohol by volume and measuring alcohol by mass. The mass determination does not depend on temperature, but the more common percent (%) of total volume is temperature dependent. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) requires volume percent (v/v%) measurements be performed at 20  Ã‚ °C (68  Ã‚ °F). Countries belonging to the European Union may measure ABV using either mass percent or volume percent. The United States measures alcohol content in terms of alcohol percent by volume. The percentage of alcohol by volume must be labelled, although most liquors also state proof. Alcohol content may vary within 0.15% of ABV stated on the label, for spirits containing no solids and over 100 ml in volume. Officially, Canada uses US labeling stating percent alcohol by volume, although the UK proof standard may still be seen and heard. Common spirits at 40% ABV are called 70 ° proof, while 57% ABV is 100 proof. Over-proof rum is rum containing greater than 57% ABV or exceeding 100 ° UK proof. Older Versions of Proof The UK used to measure alcohol content using proof spirit. The term came from the 16th century when British sailors were given rations of rum. In order to demonstrate the rum hadnt been watered down, it was proved by covering it with gunpowder and igniting it. If the rum didnt burn, it contained too much water and was under proof, while if it burned, this meant at least 57.17% ABV was present. Rum with this alcohol percentage was defined to be 100 ° or one hundred degrees proof. In 1816, the specific gravity test replaced the gunpowder test. Until January 1, 1980, the UK measured alcohol content using proof spirit, which was equivalent to 57.15% ABV and defined to be spirit with a specific gravity 12/13 that of water or 923 kg/m3. Reference Jensen, William.  The Origin of Alcohol Proof(PDF). Retrieved November 10, 2015.